Journal of Coastal Research
2014
Coastal erosion, Low lying coastal areas, Low elevation coastal zone, coastal hazards, coastal resilience, Latin America
The coastal zones of Latin America have many landforms and environments, including sedimentary cliffs, deeply incised estuaries, headlands, barrier coasts and low lying, muddy coastal plains. These forms will respond differently to the expected changes in climate and associated sea level rise, which may produce coastal erosion in the future. Considering the coasts of Latin America overall, erosion is not yet a serious threat, although it is widespread and it is severe in some parts. Major erosion problems are frequently associated with human intervention in sediment supply, with poor planning or with the morphodynamic nature of the coast. Permanent erosional processes, locally or regionally, are caused by tectonic subsidence, deforestation and the fragmentation of coastal ecosystems, land use changes and sediment deficits because of infrastructure built along the coast. In this article we analyse coastal erosion in Latin America and the challenges it presents to the region. We first highlight the relevance of Latin America in terms of its biodiversity; then we describe the population at risk, demographic trends and economic growth throughout the low lying coastal zones. We also examine the vulnerability of the region by analyzing the resilience of key coastal ecosystems after exposure to the most frequent hazards that affect coastal zones in Latin America, namely tropical cyclones, sea level rise, ocean acidification, earthquakes and tsunamis. Finally, we discuss seven case studies of coastal erosion across Latin America. We close the study by pinpointing the main areas of concern in Latin America and explore possible strategies to overcome erosion and thus sustain economic growth, minimize population risk and maintain biodiversity.
- Rodolfo Silva, Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México.
- M. Luisa Martínez, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, México. Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México.
- Patrick A. Hesp, School of the Environment, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia.
- Patricio Catalan, Departamento de Obras Civiles, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile. Centro Nacional para la Investigación en Gestión Integrada de Desastres Naturales, Santiago, Chile.
- Andres F. Osorio, Grupo OCEANICOS, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia.
- Raul Martell, Subcordinación de Monitoreo Marino, CONABIO, Mexico City, México.
- Monica Fossati, IMFIA – Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay.
- Graziela Miot da Silva, School of the Environment, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia.
- Ismael Mariño-Tapia, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mérida, México.
- Pedro Pereira, Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Rodrigo Cienguegos, Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Centro Nacional para la Investigación en Gestión Integrada de Desastres Naturales, Santiago, Chile.
- Antonio Klein, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas da Terra e do Mar, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Brazil.
- Georges Govaere, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.